Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression

Andreas J. Forstner; Swapnil Awasthi; Christiane Wolf; Eduard Maron; Angelika Erhardt; Darina Czamara; Elias Eriksson; Catharina Lavebratt; Christer Allgulander; Nina Friedrich; Jessica Becker; Julian Hecker; Stefanie Rambau; Rupert Conrad; Franziska Geiser; Francis J. McMahon; Susanne Moebus; Timo Hess; Benedikt C. Buerfent; Per Hoffmann; Stefan Herms; Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach; Ingrid Kockum; Tomas Olsson; Lars Alfredsson; Heike Weber; Georg W. Alpers; Volker Arolt; Lydia Fehm; Thomas Fydrich; Alexander L. Gerlach; Alfons Hamm; Tilo Kircher; Christiane A. Pané-Farré; Paul Pauli; Winfried Rief; Andreas Ströhle; Jens Plag; Thomas Lang; Hans Ulrich Wittchen; Manuel Mattheisen; Sandra Meier; Andres Metspalu; Katharina Domschke; Andreas Reif; Iiris Hovatta; Nils Lindefors; Evelyn Andersson; Martin Schalling; Hamdi Mbarek; Yuri Milaneschi; Eco J.C. de Geus; Dorret I. Boomsma; Brenda W.J.H. Penninx; Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson; Stacy Steinberg; Kari Stefansson; Hreinn Stefansson; Bertram Müller-Myhsok; Thomas Folkmann Hansen; Anders D. Børglum; Thomas Werge; Preben Bo Mortensen; Merete Nordentoft; David M. Hougaard; Christina M. Hultman; Patrick F. Sullivan; Markus M. Nöthen; David P.D. Woldbye; Ole Mors; Elisabeth B. Binder; Christian Rück; Stephan Ripke; Jürgen Deckert; Johannes Schumacher

doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2

Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression

Andreas J. Forstner, Swapnil Awasthi, Christiane Wolf, Eduard Maron, Angelika Erhardt, Darina Czamara, Elias Eriksson, Catharina Lavebratt, Christer Allgulander, Nina Friedrich, Jessica Becker, Julian Hecker, Stefanie Rambau, Rupert Conrad, Franziska Geiser, Francis J. McMahon, Susanne Moebus, Timo Hess, Benedikt C. Buerfent, Per HoffmannStefan Herms, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, Ingrid Kockum, Tomas Olsson, Lars Alfredsson, Heike Weber, Georg W. Alpers, Volker Arolt, Lydia Fehm, Thomas Fydrich, Alexander L. Gerlach, Alfons Hamm, Tilo Kircher, Christiane A. Pané-Farré, Paul Pauli, Winfried Rief, Andreas Ströhle, Jens Plag, Thomas Lang, Hans Ulrich Wittchen, Manuel Mattheisen, Sandra Meier, Andres Metspalu, Katharina Domschke, Andreas Reif, Iiris Hovatta, Nils Lindefors, Evelyn Andersson, Martin Schalling, Hamdi Mbarek, Yuri Milaneschi, Eco J.C. de Geus, Dorret I. Boomsma, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Stacy Steinberg, Kari Stefansson, Hreinn Stefansson, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Thomas Folkmann Hansen, Anders D. Børglum, Thomas Werge, Preben Bo Mortensen, Merete Nordentoft, David M. Hougaard, Christina M. Hultman, Patrick F. Sullivan, Markus M. Nöthen, David P.D. Woldbye, Ole Mors, Elisabeth B. Binder, Christian Rück, Stephan Ripke, Jürgen Deckert, Johannes Schumacher

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

73 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Panic disorder (PD) has a lifetime prevalence of 2–4% and heritability estimates of 40%. The contributory genetic variants remain largely unknown, with few and inconsistent loci having been reported. The present report describes the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD to date comprising genome-wide genotype data of 2248 clinically well-characterized PD patients and 7992 ethnically matched controls. The samples originated from four European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and Sweden). Standard GWAS quality control procedures were conducted on each individual dataset, and imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. A meta-analysis was then performed using the Ricopili pipeline. No genome-wide significant locus was identified. Leave-one-out analyses generated highly significant polygenic risk scores (PRS) (explained variance of up to 2.6%). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of the GWAS data showed that the estimated heritability for PD was 28.0–34.2%. After correction for multiple testing, a significant genetic correlation was found between PD and major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. A total of 255 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p < 1 × 10⁻⁴ were followed up in an independent sample of 2408 PD patients and 228,470 controls from Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands. In the combined analysis, SNP rs144783209 showed the strongest association with PD (pcomb = 3.10 × 10⁻⁷). Sign tests revealed a significant enrichment of SNPs with a discovery p-value of <0.0001 in the combined follow up cohort (p = 0.048). The present integrative analysis represents a major step towards the elucidation of the genetic susceptibility to PD.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	4179-4190
Number of pages	12
Journal	Molecular Psychiatry
Volume	26
Issue number	8
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2
Publication status	Published - Aug 2021
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all patients and control subjects for their participation. We thank Kristina Annerbrink (Gothenburg), Marie Olsson (Gothenburg) and Monica Hellberg (Stockholm) for their support. The study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant SCHU1596/4-1 to JS). Controls for the Germany I sample were drawn from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR) cohort, which was established with the support of the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation. A. Metspalu was supported by EstRC grant IUT20-60 and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012), Centre of Excellence “GenTransMed”. This work was conducted within the framework of the German multicenter trial “Mechanisms of Action in CBT (MAC)”. The MAC study was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; project no. 01GV0615), as part of the BMBF Psychotherapy Research Funding Initiative. Principal investigators (PI) with respective areas of responsibility in the MAC study are: VA (Münster: Overall MAC Program Coordination); HUW (Dresden: PI for the Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) and Manual Development); AH (Greifswald: PI for Psychophysiology); ALG (Münster: PI for Psychophysiology and Panic subtypes); AS (Berlin: PI for Experimental Pharmacology); TK (Marburg: PI for functional neuroimaging); and JD (Würzburg: PI for Genetics). Additional site directors for the RCT component of the program are GWA (Würzburg); TF and LF (Berlin-Adlershof); and TL (Bremen). Acknowledgements and staff members according to site Greifswald (coordinating site for Psychophysiology): Christiane Mel-zig, Jan Richter, Susan Richter, Matthias von Rad; Berlin-Charité (coordinating Center for Experimental Pharmacology): Harald Bruhn, Anja Siegmund, Meline Stoy, André Wittmann; Berlin-Adlershof: Irene Schulz; Münster (Overall MAC Program Coordination, Genetics and Functional Neuroimaging): Andreas Behnken, Katharina Domschke, Adrianna Ewert, Carsten Konrad, Bettina Pfleiderer, Christina Uhlmann, Peter Zwanzger; Münster (coordinating site for psychophysiology and subtyping): Judith Eidecker, Swantje Koller, Fred Rist, Anna Vossbeck-Elsebusch; Marburg/Aachen (coordinating center for functional neuroimaging): Barbara Drüke, Sonja Eskens, Thomas Forkmann, Siegfried Gauggel, Susan Gruber, Andreas Jansen, Thilo Kellermann, Isabelle Reinhardt, Nina Vercamer-Fabri; Dresden (coordinating site for data collection, analysis, and the RCT): Fran-ziska Einsle, Christine Froehlich, Andrew T. Gloster, Christina Hauke, Simone Heinze, Michael Hoefler, Ulrike Lueken, Peter Neudeck, Stephanie Preiß, Dorte Westphal; Würzburg Psychiatry Department (coordinating center for genetics): AR, Caro Gagel; Würzburg Psychology Department: Julia Duerner, Hedwig Eisenbarth, Antje B. M. Gerdes, Harald Krebs, PP,, Silvia Schad, Nina Steinhäuser; Bremen: Veronika Bamann, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Anne Kordt, Pia Ley, Franz Petermann, Eva-Maria Schroeder. Additional support was provided by the coordinating center for clinical studies in Dresden (KKS Dresden): Xina Graehlert and Marko Käppler. This work is also part of the German multicenter trial “Mechanisms of CBT-treatment effects in patients with panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia: The role of interoceptive exposure and fear augmentation (MCBT-PDAS)”. The MCBT-PDAS study is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01GV0614), as part of the larger BMBF Psychotherapy Research Funding Initiative “Improving the Treatment of Panic Disorder”. The PIs of the MCBT-PDAS study are: Alfons Hamm (Greifswald: PI Psychophysiology); TL (Bremen: Study Director for the RCT and Manual Development); ALG (Münster: PI Panic subtypes); GWA (Mannheim: PI Ambulatory assessment); CPF (Greifswald: PI Psychophysiology and Panic Disorder); TK (Marburg: PI for functional neuroimaging), and JD (Würzburg: PI for Genetics). Additional site directors for the RCT component of the program are Winfried Rief (Marburg), and PP (Würzburg). Centers of the Research Network: VA (Münster: Overall Network Coordination); HUW (Dresden); Andreas Ströhle (Berlin). Data Access and Responsibility: All PIs take responsibility for the integrity of the respective study data and their components. All authors and co-authors had full access to all study data. Data analysis and manuscript preparation were completed by the authors and co-authors of this article, who take responsibility for its accuracy and content. Acknowledgements and staff members by site: Bremen (coordinating center for the multicenter trial): Veronika Bamann, Sandra Cammin, Sarah Czilwik, Kira Geisler, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Kirsten Helmes, Anne Kordt, Tanja Leonhard, Mila Plett-Perelshteyn, Christian Soltau, Juliane Sülz, Maxie von Auer; Greifs-wald (coordinating site for psychophysiology): Anett Hoffmann, Jan Richter; Mannheim (coordinating center for ambulatory assessment): Christoph Biwer, Elisabeth Borgmann, Antje Gerdes, Otto Martin, Kristina Steinbach, Bettina Stemmler, Andrew White; Marburg (coordinating center for functional neuroimaging): Tobias Fehlinger, Andreas Jansen, Nikita Jegan, Carsten Konrad, Marion Mickeler, Silke Rusch, Katrin Schlötterer, Benjamin Straube, Mareike Stumpenhorst, Katrin Wambach, Yunbo Yang; Münster (coordinating site for panic subtypes): Susanne Kettler, Anna Vossbeck-Elsebusch; Würzburg Psychiatry Department (coordinating center for genetics): Carola Gagel, Andreas Reif, Heike Weber; Würzburg Psychology Department: Almut Friedl-Huber, Harald Krebs, Caroline Ott, Nina Stein-häuser. Additional support was provided by the coordinating center for clinical studies in Dresden (KKS Dresden): Marko Käppler. The study was registered with the NCT01323556. Funding for the Netherland Twin Register and Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NOW Genomics), Genetic influences on stability and change in psychopathology from childhood to young adulthood (ZonMW 912-10-020), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI–NL, 184.021.007), VU University’s Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374). The genotyping and analyses were funded in part by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rut-gers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA); and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). The iPSYCH project is funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (grant numbers R102-A9118 and R155-2014-1724) and the universities and university hospitals of Aarhus and Copenhagen. The Danish National Biobank resource was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. Data handling and analysis on the GenomeDK HPC facility was supported by NIMH (1U01MH109514-01 to Michael O’Donovan and ADB). High-performance computer capacity for handling and statistical analysis of iPSYCH data on the GenomeDK HPC facility was provided by the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Central Region Denmark, and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University (grant to ADB).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

Molecular Biology
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Psychiatry and Mental health

PubMed: MeSH publication types

Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

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This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2

Cite this

Forstner, A. J., Awasthi, S., Wolf, C., Maron, E., Erhardt, A., Czamara, D., Eriksson, E., Lavebratt, C., Allgulander, C., Friedrich, N., Becker, J., Hecker, J., Rambau, S., Conrad, R., Geiser, F., McMahon, F. J., Moebus, S., Hess, T., Buerfent, B. C., ... Schumacher, J. (2021). Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(8), 4179-4190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2

Forstner, AJ, Awasthi, S, Wolf, C, Maron, E, Erhardt, A, Czamara, D, Eriksson, E, Lavebratt, C, Allgulander, C, Friedrich, N, Becker, J, Hecker, J, Rambau, S, Conrad, R, Geiser, F, McMahon, FJ, Moebus, S, Hess, T, Buerfent, BC, Hoffmann, P, Herms, S, Heilmann-Heimbach, S, Kockum, I, Olsson, T, Alfredsson, L, Weber, H, Alpers, GW, Arolt, V, Fehm, L, Fydrich, T, Gerlach, AL, Hamm, A, Kircher, T, Pané-Farré, CA, Pauli, P, Rief, W, Ströhle, A, Plag, J, Lang, T, Wittchen, HU, Mattheisen, M, Meier, S, Metspalu, A, Domschke, K, Reif, A, Hovatta, I, Lindefors, N, Andersson, E, Schalling, M, Mbarek, H, Milaneschi, Y, de Geus, EJC, Boomsma, DI, Penninx, BWJH, Thorgeirsson, TE, Steinberg, S, Stefansson, K, Stefansson, H, Müller-Myhsok, B, Hansen, TF, Børglum, AD, Werge, T, Mortensen, PB, Nordentoft, M, Hougaard, DM, Hultman, CM, Sullivan, PF, Nöthen, MM, Woldbye, DPD, Mors, O, Binder, EB, Rück, C, Ripke, S, Deckert, J & Schumacher, J 2021, 'Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 4179-4190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2

@article{2b8787684d444c81b693d5daf36c58ba,

title = "Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression",

abstract = "Panic disorder (PD) has a lifetime prevalence of 2–4% and heritability estimates of 40%. The contributory genetic variants remain largely unknown, with few and inconsistent loci having been reported. The present report describes the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD to date comprising genome-wide genotype data of 2248 clinically well-characterized PD patients and 7992 ethnically matched controls. The samples originated from four European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and Sweden). Standard GWAS quality control procedures were conducted on each individual dataset, and imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. A meta-analysis was then performed using the Ricopili pipeline. No genome-wide significant locus was identified. Leave-one-out analyses generated highly significant polygenic risk scores (PRS) (explained variance of up to 2.6%). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of the GWAS data showed that the estimated heritability for PD was 28.0–34.2%. After correction for multiple testing, a significant genetic correlation was found between PD and major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. A total of 255 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p < 1 × 10−4 were followed up in an independent sample of 2408 PD patients and 228,470 controls from Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands. In the combined analysis, SNP rs144783209 showed the strongest association with PD (pcomb = 3.10 × 10−7). Sign tests revealed a significant enrichment of SNPs with a discovery p-value of <0.0001 in the combined follow up cohort (p = 0.048). The present integrative analysis represents a major step towards the elucidation of the genetic susceptibility to PD.",

author = "Forstner, {Andreas J.} and Swapnil Awasthi and Christiane Wolf and Eduard Maron and Angelika Erhardt and Darina Czamara and Elias Eriksson and Catharina Lavebratt and Christer Allgulander and Nina Friedrich and Jessica Becker and Julian Hecker and Stefanie Rambau and Rupert Conrad and Franziska Geiser and McMahon, {Francis J.} and Susanne Moebus and Timo Hess and Buerfent, {Benedikt C.} and Per Hoffmann and Stefan Herms and Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach and Ingrid Kockum and Tomas Olsson and Lars Alfredsson and Heike Weber and Alpers, {Georg W.} and Volker Arolt and Lydia Fehm and Thomas Fydrich and Gerlach, {Alexander L.} and Alfons Hamm and Tilo Kircher and Pan{\'e}-Farr{\'e}, {Christiane A.} and Paul Pauli and Winfried Rief and Andreas Str{\"o}hle and Jens Plag and Thomas Lang and Wittchen, {Hans Ulrich} and Manuel Mattheisen and Sandra Meier and Andres Metspalu and Katharina Domschke and Andreas Reif and Iiris Hovatta and Nils Lindefors and Evelyn Andersson and Martin Schalling and Hamdi Mbarek and Yuri Milaneschi and {de Geus}, {Eco J.C.} and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Penninx, {Brenda W.J.H.} and Thorgeirsson, {Thorgeir E.} and Stacy Steinberg and Kari Stefansson and Hreinn Stefansson and Bertram M{\"u}ller-Myhsok and Hansen, {Thomas Folkmann} and B{\o}rglum, {Anders D.} and Thomas Werge and Mortensen, {Preben Bo} and Merete Nordentoft and Hougaard, {David M.} and Hultman, {Christina M.} and Sullivan, {Patrick F.} and N{\"o}then, {Markus M.} and Woldbye, {David P.D.} and Ole Mors and Binder, {Elisabeth B.} and Christian R{\"u}ck and Stephan Ripke and J{\"u}rgen Deckert and Johannes Schumacher",

note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all patients and control subjects for their participation. We thank Kristina Annerbrink (Gothenburg), Marie Olsson (Gothenburg) and Monica Hellberg (Stockholm) for their support. The study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant SCHU1596/4-1 to JS). Controls for the Germany I sample were drawn from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR) cohort, which was established with the support of the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation. A. Metspalu was supported by EstRC grant IUT20-60 and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012), Centre of Excellence “GenTransMed”. This work was conducted within the framework of the German multicenter trial “Mechanisms of Action in CBT (MAC)”. The MAC study was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; project no. 01GV0615), as part of the BMBF Psychotherapy Research Funding Initiative. Principal investigators (PI) with respective areas of responsibility in the MAC study are: VA (M{\"u}nster: Overall MAC Program Coordination); HUW (Dresden: PI for the Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) and Manual Development); AH (Greifswald: PI for Psychophysiology); ALG (M{\"u}nster: PI for Psychophysiology and Panic subtypes); AS (Berlin: PI for Experimental Pharmacology); TK (Marburg: PI for functional neuroimaging); and JD (W{\"u}rzburg: PI for Genetics). Additional site directors for the RCT component of the program are GWA (W{\"u}rzburg); TF and LF (Berlin-Adlershof); and TL (Bremen). Acknowledgements and staff members according to site Greifswald (coordinating site for Psychophysiology): Christiane Mel-zig, Jan Richter, Susan Richter, Matthias von Rad; Berlin-Charit{\'e} (coordinating Center for Experimental Pharmacology): Harald Bruhn, Anja Siegmund, Meline Stoy, Andr{\'e} Wittmann; Berlin-Adlershof: Irene Schulz; M{\"u}nster (Overall MAC Program Coordination, Genetics and Functional Neuroimaging): Andreas Behnken, Katharina Domschke, Adrianna Ewert, Carsten Konrad, Bettina Pfleiderer, Christina Uhlmann, Peter Zwanzger; M{\"u}nster (coordinating site for psychophysiology and subtyping): Judith Eidecker, Swantje Koller, Fred Rist, Anna Vossbeck-Elsebusch; Marburg/Aachen (coordinating center for functional neuroimaging): Barbara Dr{\"u}ke, Sonja Eskens, Thomas Forkmann, Siegfried Gauggel, Susan Gruber, Andreas Jansen, Thilo Kellermann, Isabelle Reinhardt, Nina Vercamer-Fabri; Dresden (coordinating site for data collection, analysis, and the RCT): Fran-ziska Einsle, Christine Froehlich, Andrew T. Gloster, Christina Hauke, Simone Heinze, Michael Hoefler, Ulrike Lueken, Peter Neudeck, Stephanie Prei{\ss}, Dorte Westphal; W{\"u}rzburg Psychiatry Department (coordinating center for genetics): AR, Caro Gagel; W{\"u}rzburg Psychology Department: Julia Duerner, Hedwig Eisenbarth, Antje B. M. Gerdes, Harald Krebs, PP,, Silvia Schad, Nina Steinh{\"a}user; Bremen: Veronika Bamann, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Anne Kordt, Pia Ley, Franz Petermann, Eva-Maria Schroeder. Additional support was provided by the coordinating center for clinical studies in Dresden (KKS Dresden): Xina Graehlert and Marko K{\"a}ppler. This work is also part of the German multicenter trial “Mechanisms of CBT-treatment effects in patients with panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia: The role of interoceptive exposure and fear augmentation (MCBT-PDAS)”. The MCBT-PDAS study is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01GV0614), as part of the larger BMBF Psychotherapy Research Funding Initiative “Improving the Treatment of Panic Disorder”. The PIs of the MCBT-PDAS study are: Alfons Hamm (Greifswald: PI Psychophysiology); TL (Bremen: Study Director for the RCT and Manual Development); ALG (M{\"u}nster: PI Panic subtypes); GWA (Mannheim: PI Ambulatory assessment); CPF (Greifswald: PI Psychophysiology and Panic Disorder); TK (Marburg: PI for functional neuroimaging), and JD (W{\"u}rzburg: PI for Genetics). Additional site directors for the RCT component of the program are Winfried Rief (Marburg), and PP (W{\"u}rzburg). Centers of the Research Network: VA (M{\"u}nster: Overall Network Coordination); HUW (Dresden); Andreas Str{\"o}hle (Berlin). Data Access and Responsibility: All PIs take responsibility for the integrity of the respective study data and their components. All authors and co-authors had full access to all study data. Data analysis and manuscript preparation were completed by the authors and co-authors of this article, who take responsibility for its accuracy and content. Acknowledgements and staff members by site: Bremen (coordinating center for the multicenter trial): Veronika Bamann, Sandra Cammin, Sarah Czilwik, Kira Geisler, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Kirsten Helmes, Anne Kordt, Tanja Leonhard, Mila Plett-Perelshteyn, Christian Soltau, Juliane S{\"u}lz, Maxie von Auer; Greifs-wald (coordinating site for psychophysiology): Anett Hoffmann, Jan Richter; Mannheim (coordinating center for ambulatory assessment): Christoph Biwer, Elisabeth Borgmann, Antje Gerdes, Otto Martin, Kristina Steinbach, Bettina Stemmler, Andrew White; Marburg (coordinating center for functional neuroimaging): Tobias Fehlinger, Andreas Jansen, Nikita Jegan, Carsten Konrad, Marion Mickeler, Silke Rusch, Katrin Schl{\"o}tterer, Benjamin Straube, Mareike Stumpenhorst, Katrin Wambach, Yunbo Yang; M{\"u}nster (coordinating site for panic subtypes): Susanne Kettler, Anna Vossbeck-Elsebusch; W{\"u}rzburg Psychiatry Department (coordinating center for genetics): Carola Gagel, Andreas Reif, Heike Weber; W{\"u}rzburg Psychology Department: Almut Friedl-Huber, Harald Krebs, Caroline Ott, Nina Stein-h{\"a}user. Additional support was provided by the coordinating center for clinical studies in Dresden (KKS Dresden): Marko K{\"a}ppler. The study was registered with the NCT01323556. Funding for the Netherland Twin Register and Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NOW Genomics), Genetic influences on stability and change in psychopathology from childhood to young adulthood (ZonMW 912-10-020), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI–NL, 184.021.007), VU University{\textquoteright}s Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374). The genotyping and analyses were funded in part by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rut-gers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA); and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). The iPSYCH project is funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (grant numbers R102-A9118 and R155-2014-1724) and the universities and university hospitals of Aarhus and Copenhagen. The Danish National Biobank resource was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. Data handling and analysis on the GenomeDK HPC facility was supported by NIMH (1U01MH109514-01 to Michael O{\textquoteright}Donovan and ADB). High-performance computer capacity for handling and statistical analysis of iPSYCH data on the GenomeDK HPC facility was provided by the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Central Region Denmark, and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University (grant to ADB). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.",

year = "2021",

month = aug,

doi = "10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2",

language = "English",

volume = "26",

pages = "4179--4190",

journal = "Molecular Psychiatry",

issn = "1359-4184",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "8",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression

AU - Forstner, Andreas J.

AU - Awasthi, Swapnil

AU - Wolf, Christiane

AU - Maron, Eduard

AU - Erhardt, Angelika

AU - Czamara, Darina

AU - Eriksson, Elias

AU - Lavebratt, Catharina

AU - Allgulander, Christer

AU - Friedrich, Nina

AU - Becker, Jessica

AU - Hecker, Julian

AU - Rambau, Stefanie

AU - Conrad, Rupert

AU - Geiser, Franziska

AU - McMahon, Francis J.

AU - Moebus, Susanne

AU - Hess, Timo

AU - Buerfent, Benedikt C.

AU - Hoffmann, Per

AU - Herms, Stefan

AU - Heilmann-Heimbach, Stefanie

AU - Kockum, Ingrid

AU - Olsson, Tomas

AU - Alfredsson, Lars

AU - Weber, Heike

AU - Alpers, Georg W.

AU - Arolt, Volker

AU - Fehm, Lydia

AU - Fydrich, Thomas

AU - Gerlach, Alexander L.

AU - Hamm, Alfons

AU - Kircher, Tilo

AU - Pané-Farré, Christiane A.

AU - Pauli, Paul

AU - Rief, Winfried

AU - Ströhle, Andreas

AU - Plag, Jens

AU - Lang, Thomas

AU - Wittchen, Hans Ulrich

AU - Mattheisen, Manuel

AU - Meier, Sandra

AU - Metspalu, Andres

AU - Domschke, Katharina

AU - Reif, Andreas

AU - Hovatta, Iiris

AU - Lindefors, Nils

AU - Andersson, Evelyn

AU - Schalling, Martin

AU - Mbarek, Hamdi

AU - Milaneschi, Yuri

AU - de Geus, Eco J.C.

AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.

AU - Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.

AU - Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E.

AU - Steinberg, Stacy

AU - Stefansson, Kari

AU - Stefansson, Hreinn

AU - Müller-Myhsok, Bertram

AU - Hansen, Thomas Folkmann

AU - Børglum, Anders D.

AU - Werge, Thomas

AU - Mortensen, Preben Bo

AU - Nordentoft, Merete

AU - Hougaard, David M.

AU - Hultman, Christina M.

AU - Sullivan, Patrick F.

AU - Nöthen, Markus M.

AU - Woldbye, David P.D.

AU - Mors, Ole

AU - Binder, Elisabeth B.

AU - Rück, Christian

AU - Ripke, Stephan

AU - Deckert, Jürgen

AU - Schumacher, Johannes

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to all patients and control subjects for their participation. We thank Kristina Annerbrink (Gothenburg), Marie Olsson (Gothenburg) and Monica Hellberg (Stockholm) for their support. The study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant SCHU1596/4-1 to JS). Controls for the Germany I sample were drawn from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR) cohort, which was established with the support of the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation. A. Metspalu was supported by EstRC grant IUT20-60 and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012), Centre of Excellence “GenTransMed”. This work was conducted within the framework of the German multicenter trial “Mechanisms of Action in CBT (MAC)”. The MAC study was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; project no. 01GV0615), as part of the BMBF Psychotherapy Research Funding Initiative. Principal investigators (PI) with respective areas of responsibility in the MAC study are: VA (Münster: Overall MAC Program Coordination); HUW (Dresden: PI for the Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) and Manual Development); AH (Greifswald: PI for Psychophysiology); ALG (Münster: PI for Psychophysiology and Panic subtypes); AS (Berlin: PI for Experimental Pharmacology); TK (Marburg: PI for functional neuroimaging); and JD (Würzburg: PI for Genetics). Additional site directors for the RCT component of the program are GWA (Würzburg); TF and LF (Berlin-Adlershof); and TL (Bremen). Acknowledgements and staff members according to site Greifswald (coordinating site for Psychophysiology): Christiane Mel-zig, Jan Richter, Susan Richter, Matthias von Rad; Berlin-Charité (coordinating Center for Experimental Pharmacology): Harald Bruhn, Anja Siegmund, Meline Stoy, André Wittmann; Berlin-Adlershof: Irene Schulz; Münster (Overall MAC Program Coordination, Genetics and Functional Neuroimaging): Andreas Behnken, Katharina Domschke, Adrianna Ewert, Carsten Konrad, Bettina Pfleiderer, Christina Uhlmann, Peter Zwanzger; Münster (coordinating site for psychophysiology and subtyping): Judith Eidecker, Swantje Koller, Fred Rist, Anna Vossbeck-Elsebusch; Marburg/Aachen (coordinating center for functional neuroimaging): Barbara Drüke, Sonja Eskens, Thomas Forkmann, Siegfried Gauggel, Susan Gruber, Andreas Jansen, Thilo Kellermann, Isabelle Reinhardt, Nina Vercamer-Fabri; Dresden (coordinating site for data collection, analysis, and the RCT): Fran-ziska Einsle, Christine Froehlich, Andrew T. Gloster, Christina Hauke, Simone Heinze, Michael Hoefler, Ulrike Lueken, Peter Neudeck, Stephanie Preiß, Dorte Westphal; Würzburg Psychiatry Department (coordinating center for genetics): AR, Caro Gagel; Würzburg Psychology Department: Julia Duerner, Hedwig Eisenbarth, Antje B. M. Gerdes, Harald Krebs, PP,, Silvia Schad, Nina Steinhäuser; Bremen: Veronika Bamann, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Anne Kordt, Pia Ley, Franz Petermann, Eva-Maria Schroeder. Additional support was provided by the coordinating center for clinical studies in Dresden (KKS Dresden): Xina Graehlert and Marko Käppler. This work is also part of the German multicenter trial “Mechanisms of CBT-treatment effects in patients with panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia: The role of interoceptive exposure and fear augmentation (MCBT-PDAS)”. The MCBT-PDAS study is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01GV0614), as part of the larger BMBF Psychotherapy Research Funding Initiative “Improving the Treatment of Panic Disorder”. The PIs of the MCBT-PDAS study are: Alfons Hamm (Greifswald: PI Psychophysiology); TL (Bremen: Study Director for the RCT and Manual Development); ALG (Münster: PI Panic subtypes); GWA (Mannheim: PI Ambulatory assessment); CPF (Greifswald: PI Psychophysiology and Panic Disorder); TK (Marburg: PI for functional neuroimaging), and JD (Würzburg: PI for Genetics). Additional site directors for the RCT component of the program are Winfried Rief (Marburg), and PP (Würzburg). Centers of the Research Network: VA (Münster: Overall Network Coordination); HUW (Dresden); Andreas Ströhle (Berlin). Data Access and Responsibility: All PIs take responsibility for the integrity of the respective study data and their components. All authors and co-authors had full access to all study data. Data analysis and manuscript preparation were completed by the authors and co-authors of this article, who take responsibility for its accuracy and content. Acknowledgements and staff members by site: Bremen (coordinating center for the multicenter trial): Veronika Bamann, Sandra Cammin, Sarah Czilwik, Kira Geisler, Sylvia Helbig-Lang, Kirsten Helmes, Anne Kordt, Tanja Leonhard, Mila Plett-Perelshteyn, Christian Soltau, Juliane Sülz, Maxie von Auer; Greifs-wald (coordinating site for psychophysiology): Anett Hoffmann, Jan Richter; Mannheim (coordinating center for ambulatory assessment): Christoph Biwer, Elisabeth Borgmann, Antje Gerdes, Otto Martin, Kristina Steinbach, Bettina Stemmler, Andrew White; Marburg (coordinating center for functional neuroimaging): Tobias Fehlinger, Andreas Jansen, Nikita Jegan, Carsten Konrad, Marion Mickeler, Silke Rusch, Katrin Schlötterer, Benjamin Straube, Mareike Stumpenhorst, Katrin Wambach, Yunbo Yang; Münster (coordinating site for panic subtypes): Susanne Kettler, Anna Vossbeck-Elsebusch; Würzburg Psychiatry Department (coordinating center for genetics): Carola Gagel, Andreas Reif, Heike Weber; Würzburg Psychology Department: Almut Friedl-Huber, Harald Krebs, Caroline Ott, Nina Stein-häuser. Additional support was provided by the coordinating center for clinical studies in Dresden (KKS Dresden): Marko Käppler. The study was registered with the NCT01323556. Funding for the Netherland Twin Register and Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NOW Genomics), Genetic influences on stability and change in psychopathology from childhood to young adulthood (ZonMW 912-10-020), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI–NL, 184.021.007), VU University’s Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374). The genotyping and analyses were funded in part by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rut-gers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA); and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). The iPSYCH project is funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (grant numbers R102-A9118 and R155-2014-1724) and the universities and university hospitals of Aarhus and Copenhagen. The Danish National Biobank resource was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. Data handling and analysis on the GenomeDK HPC facility was supported by NIMH (1U01MH109514-01 to Michael O’Donovan and ADB). High-performance computer capacity for handling and statistical analysis of iPSYCH data on the GenomeDK HPC facility was provided by the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Central Region Denmark, and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University (grant to ADB). Publisher Copyright: © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

PY - 2021/8

Y1 - 2021/8

N2 - Panic disorder (PD) has a lifetime prevalence of 2–4% and heritability estimates of 40%. The contributory genetic variants remain largely unknown, with few and inconsistent loci having been reported. The present report describes the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD to date comprising genome-wide genotype data of 2248 clinically well-characterized PD patients and 7992 ethnically matched controls. The samples originated from four European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and Sweden). Standard GWAS quality control procedures were conducted on each individual dataset, and imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. A meta-analysis was then performed using the Ricopili pipeline. No genome-wide significant locus was identified. Leave-one-out analyses generated highly significant polygenic risk scores (PRS) (explained variance of up to 2.6%). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of the GWAS data showed that the estimated heritability for PD was 28.0–34.2%. After correction for multiple testing, a significant genetic correlation was found between PD and major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. A total of 255 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p < 1 × 10−4 were followed up in an independent sample of 2408 PD patients and 228,470 controls from Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands. In the combined analysis, SNP rs144783209 showed the strongest association with PD (pcomb = 3.10 × 10−7). Sign tests revealed a significant enrichment of SNPs with a discovery p-value of <0.0001 in the combined follow up cohort (p = 0.048). The present integrative analysis represents a major step towards the elucidation of the genetic susceptibility to PD.

AB - Panic disorder (PD) has a lifetime prevalence of 2–4% and heritability estimates of 40%. The contributory genetic variants remain largely unknown, with few and inconsistent loci having been reported. The present report describes the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD to date comprising genome-wide genotype data of 2248 clinically well-characterized PD patients and 7992 ethnically matched controls. The samples originated from four European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and Sweden). Standard GWAS quality control procedures were conducted on each individual dataset, and imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. A meta-analysis was then performed using the Ricopili pipeline. No genome-wide significant locus was identified. Leave-one-out analyses generated highly significant polygenic risk scores (PRS) (explained variance of up to 2.6%). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of the GWAS data showed that the estimated heritability for PD was 28.0–34.2%. After correction for multiple testing, a significant genetic correlation was found between PD and major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. A total of 255 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p < 1 × 10−4 were followed up in an independent sample of 2408 PD patients and 228,470 controls from Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands. In the combined analysis, SNP rs144783209 showed the strongest association with PD (pcomb = 3.10 × 10−7). Sign tests revealed a significant enrichment of SNPs with a discovery p-value of <0.0001 in the combined follow up cohort (p = 0.048). The present integrative analysis represents a major step towards the elucidation of the genetic susceptibility to PD.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85074813733&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85074813733&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2

DO - 10.1038/s41380-019-0590-2

M3 - Article

C2 - 31712720

AN - SCOPUS:85074813733

SN - 1359-4184

VL - 26

SP - 4179

EP - 4190

JO - Molecular Psychiatry

JF - Molecular Psychiatry

IS - 8

ER -

Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression

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