Maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in sharks, rays, and chimaeras: The importance of survival to maturity

The maximum intrinsic rate of population increase (r_max) is a commonly estimated demographic parameter used in assessments of extinction risk. In teleosts, r_max can be calculated using an estimate of spawners per spawner, but for chondrichthyans, most studies have used annual reproductive output (b) instead. This is problematic as it effectively assumes all juveniles survive to maturity. Here, we propose an updated r_max equation that uses a simple mortality estimator that also accounts for survival to maturity: the reciprocal of average life-span. For 94 chondrichthyans, we now estimate that r_max values are on average 10% lower than previously published. Our updated r_max estimates are lower than previously published for species that mature later relative to maximum age and those with high annual fecundity. The most extreme discrepancies in r_max values occur in species with low age at maturity and low annual reproductive output. Our results indicate that chondrichthyans that mature relatively later in life, and to a lesser extent those that are highly fecund, are less resilient to fishing than previously thought.