Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA that regulate the expression of messenger RNA and are implicated in almost all cellular processes. Importantly, miRNAs can be released extracellularly and are stable in these matrices where they may serve as indicators of organ or cell-specific toxicity, disease, and biological status. There has thus been great enthusiasm for developing miRNAs as biomarkers of adverse outcomes for scientific, regulatory, and clinical purposes. Despite advances in measurement capabilities for miRNAs, miRNAs are still not routinely employed as noninvasive biomarkers. This is in part due to the lack of standard approaches for sample preparation and miRNA measurement and uncertainty in their biological interpretation. Members of the microRNA Biomarkers Workgroup within the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute’s (HESI) Committee on Emerging Systems Toxicology for the Assessment of Risk (eSTAR) are a consortium of private- and public-sector scientists dedicated to developing miRNAs as applied biomarkers. Here, we explore major impediments to routine acceptance and use of miRNA biomarkers and case examples of successes and deficiencies in development. Finally, we provide insight on miRNA measurement, collection, and analysis tools to provide solid footing for addressing knowledge gaps toward routine biomarker use.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 264-282 |
Number of pages | 19 |
Journal | Critical Reviews in Toxicology |
Volume | 51 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2021 |
Externally published | Yes |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work was supported, in part, by internal funding from the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [grant Z01 DK043400] and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, and the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Military Operational Medicine Research Program. The authors sincerely thank Ms. Carolina Morell-Perez of HESI for her kind assistance with preparation and external peer review of the manuscript prior to submission. The authors acknowledge Drs. Sheau-Fung Thai, Weichun Huang, Katie O’Shaughnessy, and Maureen Gwinn of the US EPA, Liwen Liu and Kevin Gerrish of the NIEHS, and Alison Sanders of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai for constructive comments on this manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments offered by three reviewers selected by the Editor. The comments of these reviewers who were anonymous to the authors helped improve the clarity and content of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
ASJC Scopus Subject Areas
- Toxicology
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Journal Article
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.