Serum chemerin levels vary with time of day and are modified by obesity and tumor necrosis factor-α

Chemerin is an adipokine with important regulatory roles in adipogenesis. In humans, serum total chemerin (i.e. prochemerin plus chemerin) levels are positively associated withbodymass indexand metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanisms that increase serum chemerin concentration are unknown. We hypothesized that chronic low-grade inflammation that occurs in obesity promotes chemerin production by adipocytes. Consistent with this, TNFα treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes increased bioactive chemerin levels in the cell media as detected using a CMKLR1 cell-based bioassay. This effect was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and protein secretion inhibitor brefeldin A, indicating that TNFα may enhance prochemerin synthesis and secretion from adipocytes. In vivo, TNFα produced a time-dependent increase in serum total chemerin and bioactive chemerin. Bioactive chemerin was produced by primary mouse adipocytes and hepatocytes. Only primary adipocyte-derived chemerin was responsive to TNFα regulation implicating adipocytes as a potential source of elevated serum chemerin after TNFα exposure in vivo. In lean mice, serum total chemerin levels oscillated with peak levels occurring during daytime and trough levels at night. Comparatively, leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient obese mice, which have elevated adipose tissue expression of TNFα, displayed elevated serum total chemerin levels with an enhanced oscillatory pattern. In summary, our novel results identified TNFα as a positive regulator of adipocyte-derived chemerin.Wecorroborate the finding of elevated chemerin in obese humans by identifying elevated serum levels of total chemerin in two obese mouse models with a corresponding alteration in the rhythmic pattern of serum chemerin levels.