Abstract
Background: Adequate illumination of the larynx is needed during laryngoscopy to facilitate tracheal intubation. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has established a minimum light intensity for direct laryngoscopy (DL) of over 500 lux for at least ten minutes, but no such standard exists for Macintosh geometry videolaryngoscope (Mac-VL) blades, which allow for both direct or indirect (videoscopic) viewing of the larynx. Using in situ bench and in vitro testing in a human cadaver, we determined illumination and luminance values delivered by various Mac-VLs and compared these with published minimum lighting benchmarks as well as a reference direct laryngoscope. Methods: We tested six Mac-VLs (i-view™, McGRATH™ MAC, GlideScope® Spectrum™ [single-use] DVM S4, GlideScope® Titanium [reusable] Mac T4, C-MAC® S [single-use] Macintosh #4, C-MAC® [reusable] Macintosh #4) together with one direct laryngoscope (Heine LED). Each laryngoscope was assessed with three measurements, as follows: part 1: illuminance (lux) was measured in situ using a purpose-designed benchtop light intensity measurement apparatus; part 2: luminance (light reflected back to the eye) was measured (in candela m-2 [cd·m−2]) during videolaryngoscopy (VL) and DL in a human cadaver using a spot meter pointed at the interarytenoid notch; part 3: illuminance (lux) was measured during VL and DL in a human cadaver using a light meter surgically implanted just proximal to the vocal cords. Results: Illuminance and luminance varied significantly among the Mac-VLs. Mean (standard devitation) illuminance among the six tested Mac-VLs ranged from 117 (11) to 2,626 (42) lux in the measurement apparatus and from 228 (11) to 2,900 (374) lux by the surgically implanted light meter in the cadaver. All values were less than the reference Heine direct laryngoscope and some fell below the published ISO standard of 500 lux for DL. Luminance testing by spot meter had a similarly wide range, varying from 3.78 (0.60) to 49.1 (10.4) cd·m−2, with some Mac-VLs delivering less luminance than the reference Heine direct laryngoscope. Conclusions: Our results indicate that illuminance and luminance provided by Mac-VLs used for direct laryngeal viewing varies substantially between devices, with some falling below standards previously suggested as the minimum required for DL. While this may have no implications for the quality of image visible on a device’s video monitor, the clinician should be aware that when Mac-VLs are used for direct viewing of the larynx, lighting may not be optimal. This might adversely affect ease or success of tracheal intubation.
Translated title of the contribution | An in vitro assessment of light intensity provided during direct laryngeal visualization by videolaryngoscopes with Macintosh geometry blades |
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Original language | French |
Pages (from-to) | 1779-1788 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia |
Volume | 68 |
Issue number | 12 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Dec 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Funding supported in part by the Departments of Emergency Medicine (Kovacs) and Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine (Law), Dalhousie University.
Funding Information:
Madeleine Harlow contributed to data acquisition and writing and critically revising the article. George Kovacs contributed to study conception and design and data acquisition, analysis and interpretation. Paul Brousseau contributed to testing of devices in table-top apparatus and writing and critically revising the article. J. Adam Law contributed to writing and critically revising the article. The authors would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Sean MacKinnon and Dr. Tiberiu Mahu for their help with statistical analysis. Kovacs and Law: Course co-directors of Airway Interventions and Management in Emergenices (AIME) course and partner in parent company AIME Training Inc. Recipient of equipment as loan or donation from Verathon, Ambu, Karl Storz and Covidien. Funding supported in part by the Departments of Emergency Medicine (Kovacs) and Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine (Law), Dalhousie University. This submission was handled by Dr. Stephan K.W. Schwarz, Editor-in-Chief, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society.
ASJC Scopus Subject Areas
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
PubMed: MeSH publication types
- Journal Article
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't