Viral RNA load in plasma is associated with critical illness and a dysregulated host response in COVID-19

Jesús F. Bermejo-Martin, Milagros González-Rivera, Raquel Almansa, Dariela Micheloud, Ana P. Tedim, Marta Domínguez-Gil, Salvador Resino, Marta Martín-Fernández, Pablo Ryan Murua, Felipe Pérez-García, Luis Tamayo, Raúl Lopez-Izquierdo, Elena Bustamante, César Aldecoa, José Manuel Gómez, Jesús Rico-Feijoo, Antonio Orduña, Raúl Méndez, Isabel Fernández Natal, Gregoria MegíasMontserrat González-Estecha, Demetrio Carriedo, Cristina Doncel, Noelia Jorge, Alicia Ortega, Amanda de la Fuente, Félix del Campo, José Antonio Fernández-Ratero, Wysali Trapiello, Paula González-Jiménez, Guadalupe Ruiz, Alyson A. Kelvin, Ali Toloue Ostadgavahi, Ruth Oneizat, Luz María Ruiz, Iria Miguéns, Esther Gargallo, Ioana Muñoz, Sara Pelegrin, Silvia Martín, Pablo García Olivares, Jamil Antonio Cedeño, Tomás Ruiz Albi, Carolina Puertas, Jose Ángel Berezo, Gloria Renedo, Rubén Herrán, Juan Bustamante-Munguira, Pedro Enríquez, Ramón Cicuendez, Jesús Blanco, Jesica Abadia, Julia Gómez Barquero, Nuria Mamolar, Natalia Blanca-López, Luis Jorge Valdivia, Belén Fernández Caso, María Ángeles Mantecón, Anna Motos, Laia Fernandez-Barat, Ricard Ferrer, Ferrán Barbé, Antoni Torres, Rosario Menéndez, José María Eiros, David J. Kelvin

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

188 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 can course with respiratory and extrapulmonary disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in respiratory samples but also in blood, stool and urine. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated host response to this virus. We studied whether viral RNAemia or viral RNA load in plasma is associated with severe COVID-19 and also to this dysregulated response. Methods: A total of 250 patients with COVID-19 were recruited (50 outpatients, 100 hospitalized ward patients and 100 critically ill). Viral RNA detection and quantification in plasma was performed using droplet digital PCR, targeting the N1 and N2 regions of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein gene. The association between SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and viral RNA load in plasma with severity was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Correlations between viral RNA load and biomarkers evidencing dysregulation of host response were evaluated by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficients. Results: The frequency of viral RNAemia was higher in the critically ill patients (78%) compared to ward patients (27%) and outpatients (2%) (p < 0.001). Critical patients had higher viral RNA loads in plasma than non-critically ill patients, with non-survivors showing the highest values. When outpatients and ward patients were compared, viral RNAemia did not show significant associations in the multivariate analysis. In contrast, when ward patients were compared with ICU patients, both viral RNAemia and viral RNA load in plasma were associated with critical illness (OR [CI 95%], p): RNAemia (3.92 [1.183–12.968], 0.025), viral RNA load (N1) (1.962 [1.244–3.096], 0.004); viral RNA load (N2) (2.229 [1.382–3.595], 0.001). Viral RNA load in plasma correlated with higher levels of chemokines (CXCL10, CCL2), biomarkers indicative of a systemic inflammatory response (IL-6, CRP, ferritin), activation of NK cells (IL-15), endothelial dysfunction (VCAM-1, angiopoietin-2, ICAM-1), coagulation activation (D-Dimer and INR), tissue damage (LDH, GPT), neutrophil response (neutrophils counts, myeloperoxidase, GM-CSF) and immunodepression (PD-L1, IL-10, lymphopenia and monocytopenia). Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and viral RNA load in plasma are associated with critical illness in COVID-19. Viral RNA load in plasma correlates with key signatures of dysregulated host responses, suggesting a major role of uncontrolled viral replication in the pathogenesis of this disease.[Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Original languageEnglish
Article number691
JournalCritical Care
Volume24
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Dec 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank SEIMC-GESIDA Foundation for the scientific sponsoring of this project. We thank also the “Biobanco del Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonación de Castilla y León”, which provided the plasma simples used in the healthy control group.

Funding Information:
This work was supported by awards from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Rapid Research Funding initiative (CIHR OV2 – 170357), Research Nova Scotia (DJK), Atlantic Genome/Genome Canada (DJK), Li-Ka Shing Foundation (DJK), Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation (DJK), the “Subvenciones de concesión directa para proyectos y programas de investigación del virus SARS‐CoV2, causante del COVID‐19”, FONDO–COVID19, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20/00110, CIBERES, 06/06/0028), (AT) and finally by the “Convocatoria extraordinaria y urgente de la Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, para la financiación de proyectos de investigación en enfermedad COVID-19” (GRS COVID 53/A/20) (CA). DJK is a recipient of the Canada Research Chair in Translational Vaccinology and Inflammation. APT was funded by the Sara Borrell Research Grant CD018/0123 funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund (A Way to Achieve Europe programme). The funding sources did not play any role neither in the design of the study and collection, not in the analysis, in the interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, The Author(s).

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

  • Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine

PubMed: MeSH publication types

  • Journal Article
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

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