Abstract
Children's distress during painful medical procedures is strongly influenced by adult behavior. Adult reassurance (e.g., "it's okay") is associated with increased child distress whereas distraction is associated with increased child coping. It is unknown why reassurance shows this counterintuitive relationship with child distress. The present research investigated whether children perceive their parents as fearful when they reassure using complementary observational and experimental methodologies. One hundred children (40 boys, 60 girls) 5-10 years old (M = 8.02, SD = 1.69) and their parents (86 mothers, 14 fathers) participated. First, spontaneous parent-child interactions during pediatric venipuncture were captured and used for a video-mediated recall task in which the children viewed instances of parental reassurance and distraction and rated their parents' fear and happiness. Second, the children were asked to rate the intensity of parental fear and happiness for 12 video vignettes showing an actor posing as a parent during venipuncture. To determine whether the children's perceptions varied with the qualities of the behavior, the vignettes manipulated: facial expression (happy vs. fearful), vocal tone (rising vs. falling), and content (informative reassurance vs. uninformative reassurance vs. distraction). For both tasks, the children provided higher ratings of fear during reassurance than distraction. In response to the vignettes, the children gave higher ratings of parental fear for a fearful facial expression, but the influence of vocal tone differed with the verbal content of the utterance. The results provide insight into the complexity of adult reassurance and highlight the important role of parental facial expression, tone, and verbal content during painful medical procedures.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 52-58 |
| Number of pages | 7 |
| Journal | Pain |
| Volume | 150 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jul 2010 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The present work is based on portions of the first author’s dissertation and the article received the Society of Pediatric Psychology Student Research Award (2009). This research was supported by an IWK Category A Grant and a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Canada Graduate Scholarships Doctoral Research Award awarded to C.M. McMurtry as well as a CIHR Operating Grant awarded to C.T. Chambers. C.T. Chambers and P.J. McGrath are funded by Canada Research Chairs. We are grateful to the management and staff of the Core Lab as well as the families who made this research possible. We thank the following individuals for their assistance in this work: Adele Gouthro, Erin Moon, Kate Kalousek, Melanie Noel, Sandra Williams, Tessa Craig, and Chantel Burkitt. We also thank Dr. Ronald Blount, Dr. Allen Finley, Dr. Shannon Johnson, and Dr. Helene Deacon for their valuable comments and input. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
ASJC Scopus Subject Areas
- Neurology
- Clinical Neurology
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine