Diversity in financing and implementation pathways for industrial symbiosis across the globe

Industrial symbiosis (IS) has grown in practice and academi€c study, receiving increased attention over the last three decades since the uncovering of industrial symbiosis (IS) at Kalundborg, Denmark. While the content is similar, the context has varied. Implementation pathways have been investigated by a number of researchers to understand successful strategies and practices in different jurisdictions. However, the financing of industrial symbiosis has not received adequate attention. Therefore, this study aims to begin filling this gap in the literature by analyzing a selection of cases representing a range of jurisdictions, financing sources, strategies and associated operational mechanisms. The six cases of IS are representative of different jurisdictions and economic systems. Results indicate that while the financing strategies, tactics, and activities for IS implementation can vary, goals and targets can still be achieved. Policy implications for financing and improving IS project implementation are proposed.