Esterification of residual palm oil using solid acid catalyst derived from rice husk

Winnie Sinan Balan; Jidon Janaun; Chin Hing Chung; Veroneka Semilin; Zongyuan Zhu; Stephanie K. Haywood; Dalila Touhami; Khim Phin Chong; Abu Zahrim Yaser; Ping Chin Lee; Sharif H. Zein

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124092

Esterification of residual palm oil using solid acid catalyst derived from rice husk

Winnie Sinan Balan, Jidon Janaun, Chin Hing Chung, Veroneka Semilin, Zongyuan Zhu, Stephanie K. Haywood, Dalila Touhami, Khim Phin Chong, Abu Zahrim Yaser, Ping Chin Lee, Sharif H. Zein

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23 Citas (Scopus)

Resumen

In this study, carbon-silica based acid catalysts derived from rice husks (RH) were successfully synthesised using microwave (MW) technology. The results showed that MW sulphonation produced Sulphur (S) content of 17.2–18.5 times higher than in raw RH. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed peak at 1035 cm⁻¹ which corresponded to O˭S˭O stretching of sulphonic (-SO₃H) group. XRD showed sulfonated RH catalysts (SRHCs) have amorphous structure, and through SEM, broadening of the RH voids and also formation of pores is observed. RH600 had the highest surface area of 14.52 m²/g. SRHCs showed high catalytic activity for esterification of oleic acid with methanol with RH600 had the highest initial formation rate (6.33 mmol L⁻¹ min⁻¹) and yield (97%). The reusability of the catalyst showed gradually dropped yield of product for every recycle, which might be due to leaching of –SO₃H. Finally, esterification of oil recovered from palm oil mill effluent (POME) with methanol achieved a conversion of 87.3% free fatty acids (FFA) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

Idioma original	English
Número de artículo	124092
Publicación	Journal of Hazardous Materials
Volumen	404
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124092
Estado	Published - feb. 15 2021
Publicado de forma externa	Sí

Nota bibliográfica

Funding Information:
This work was primarily supported by Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia – Biosain Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, Industry Collaboration Grant ( GKP0009-TK-2016 ); and UMS Graduate Research Grant, Malaysia (UMSGreat GUG0003-TK-M-1/2016 ). This work was partly funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Prototype Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia ( PRGS0009-STG-1/2017 ); and the British Council, Newton Fund, United Kingdom , on a collaborative project between University of Hull, United Kingdom , and Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ( GL00131 ). The courtesy of LCH Palm Oil Mill, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia to provide the residual palm oil recovered from POME samples is greatly appreciated.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

Environmental Engineering
Environmental Chemistry
Waste Management and Disposal
Pollution
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

PubMed: MeSH publication types

Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

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10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124092

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title = "Esterification of residual palm oil using solid acid catalyst derived from rice husk",

abstract = "In this study, carbon-silica based acid catalysts derived from rice husks (RH) were successfully synthesised using microwave (MW) technology. The results showed that MW sulphonation produced Sulphur (S) content of 17.2–18.5 times higher than in raw RH. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed peak at 1035 cm−1 which corresponded to O˭S˭O stretching of sulphonic (-SO3H) group. XRD showed sulfonated RH catalysts (SRHCs) have amorphous structure, and through SEM, broadening of the RH voids and also formation of pores is observed. RH600 had the highest surface area of 14.52 m2/g. SRHCs showed high catalytic activity for esterification of oleic acid with methanol with RH600 had the highest initial formation rate (6.33 mmol L−1 min−1) and yield (97%). The reusability of the catalyst showed gradually dropped yield of product for every recycle, which might be due to leaching of –SO3H. Finally, esterification of oil recovered from palm oil mill effluent (POME) with methanol achieved a conversion of 87.3% free fatty acids (FFA) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).",

author = "Balan, {Winnie Sinan} and Jidon Janaun and Chung, {Chin Hing} and Veroneka Semilin and Zongyuan Zhu and Haywood, {Stephanie K.} and Dalila Touhami and Chong, {Khim Phin} and Yaser, {Abu Zahrim} and Lee, {Ping Chin} and Zein, {Sharif H.}",

note = "Funding Information: This work was primarily supported by Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia – Biosain Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, Industry Collaboration Grant ( GKP0009-TK-2016 ); and UMS Graduate Research Grant, Malaysia (UMSGreat GUG0003-TK-M-1/2016 ). This work was partly funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Prototype Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia ( PRGS0009-STG-1/2017 ); and the British Council, Newton Fund, United Kingdom , on a collaborative project between University of Hull, United Kingdom , and Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ( GL00131 ). The courtesy of LCH Palm Oil Mill, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia to provide the residual palm oil recovered from POME samples is greatly appreciated. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020",

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AU - Balan, Winnie Sinan

AU - Janaun, Jidon

AU - Chung, Chin Hing

AU - Semilin, Veroneka

AU - Zhu, Zongyuan

AU - Haywood, Stephanie K.

AU - Touhami, Dalila

AU - Chong, Khim Phin

AU - Yaser, Abu Zahrim

AU - Lee, Ping Chin

AU - Zein, Sharif H.

N1 - Funding Information: This work was primarily supported by Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia – Biosain Technologies Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, Industry Collaboration Grant ( GKP0009-TK-2016 ); and UMS Graduate Research Grant, Malaysia (UMSGreat GUG0003-TK-M-1/2016 ). This work was partly funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Prototype Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia ( PRGS0009-STG-1/2017 ); and the British Council, Newton Fund, United Kingdom , on a collaborative project between University of Hull, United Kingdom , and Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia ( GL00131 ). The courtesy of LCH Palm Oil Mill, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia to provide the residual palm oil recovered from POME samples is greatly appreciated. Publisher Copyright: © 2020

PY - 2021/2/15

Y1 - 2021/2/15

N2 - In this study, carbon-silica based acid catalysts derived from rice husks (RH) were successfully synthesised using microwave (MW) technology. The results showed that MW sulphonation produced Sulphur (S) content of 17.2–18.5 times higher than in raw RH. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed peak at 1035 cm−1 which corresponded to O˭S˭O stretching of sulphonic (-SO3H) group. XRD showed sulfonated RH catalysts (SRHCs) have amorphous structure, and through SEM, broadening of the RH voids and also formation of pores is observed. RH600 had the highest surface area of 14.52 m2/g. SRHCs showed high catalytic activity for esterification of oleic acid with methanol with RH600 had the highest initial formation rate (6.33 mmol L−1 min−1) and yield (97%). The reusability of the catalyst showed gradually dropped yield of product for every recycle, which might be due to leaching of –SO3H. Finally, esterification of oil recovered from palm oil mill effluent (POME) with methanol achieved a conversion of 87.3% free fatty acids (FFA) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

AB - In this study, carbon-silica based acid catalysts derived from rice husks (RH) were successfully synthesised using microwave (MW) technology. The results showed that MW sulphonation produced Sulphur (S) content of 17.2–18.5 times higher than in raw RH. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed peak at 1035 cm−1 which corresponded to O˭S˭O stretching of sulphonic (-SO3H) group. XRD showed sulfonated RH catalysts (SRHCs) have amorphous structure, and through SEM, broadening of the RH voids and also formation of pores is observed. RH600 had the highest surface area of 14.52 m2/g. SRHCs showed high catalytic activity for esterification of oleic acid with methanol with RH600 had the highest initial formation rate (6.33 mmol L−1 min−1) and yield (97%). The reusability of the catalyst showed gradually dropped yield of product for every recycle, which might be due to leaching of –SO3H. Finally, esterification of oil recovered from palm oil mill effluent (POME) with methanol achieved a conversion of 87.3% free fatty acids (FFA) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

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Esterification of residual palm oil using solid acid catalyst derived from rice husk

Resumen

Nota bibliográfica

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

PubMed: MeSH publication types

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