Police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting

Lianping Ti; Evan Wood; Kate Shannon; Cindy Feng; Thomas Kerr

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.06.008

Police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting

Lianping Ti, Evan Wood, Kate Shannon, Cindy Feng, Thomas Kerr

Producción científica: Contribución a una revista › Artículo › revisión exhaustiva

44 Citas (Scopus)

Resumen

Background: Street-level policing has been recognized as a driver of health-related harms among people who inject drugs (IDU). However, the extent of interaction between police and street-involved youth has not been well characterized. We examined the incidence and risk factors for police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting. Methods: Using data derived from participants enrolled in the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) between 2005 and 2011, we assessed factors associated with being stopped, searched, or detained by police without arrest in the previous six months using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with logit link for binary outcomes. Results: Among 991 participants followed during the study period, 440 (44.4%) reported being stopped, searched, or detained by police for an incidence density of 49.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.42-65.01) per 100 person years. In multivariate GEE analyses, factors associated with police confrontations included: male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]. =. 1.35), homelessness (AOR. =. 2.05), recent incarceration (AOR. =. 1.78), daily cannabis use (AOR. =. 1.31), daily heroin injecting (AOR. =. 1.36), crack pipe/syringe sharing (AOR. =. 1.61), injection drug use (AOR. =. 1.37), public drug use (AOR. =. 2.19), sex work involvement (AOR. =. 1.67), and drug dealing (AOR. =. 1.49) (all p<. 0.05). In total, 19.0% of participants reported that police confiscated their drug paraphernalia without arresting them. Additionally, 16.9% of individuals reported experiencing violence at the hands of police. Conclusion: We found that various factors, such as homelessness and markers of more severe addiction, increased the likelihood of being confronted by police, and police confrontations were associated with markers of health-related harm among street youth. These findings highlight the need for social and structural interventions that best enable police to fulfil public safety and public order objectives without negatively influencing health behaviours of street youth.

Idioma original	English
Páginas (desde-hasta)	46-51
Número de páginas	6
Publicación	International Journal of Drug Policy
Volumen	24
N.º	1
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.06.008
Estado	Published - ene. 2013
Publicado de forma externa	Sí

Nota bibliográfica

Funding Information:
The authors thank the study participants for their contribution to the research, as well as current and past researchers and staff. We would specifically like to thank Deborah Graham, Peter Vann, Caitlin Johnston, Steve Kain, and Calvin Lai for their research and administrative assistance. The study was supported by the US National Institutes of Health ( R01DA028532 ) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP–102742). Thomas Kerr and Kate Shannon are supported by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. Kate Shannon is also supported by CIHR and US NIH.

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

Medicine (miscellaneous)
Health Policy

PubMed: MeSH publication types

Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

ODS de las Naciones Unidas

Este resultado contribuye a los siguientes Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

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10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.06.008

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title = "Police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting",

abstract = "Background: Street-level policing has been recognized as a driver of health-related harms among people who inject drugs (IDU). However, the extent of interaction between police and street-involved youth has not been well characterized. We examined the incidence and risk factors for police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting. Methods: Using data derived from participants enrolled in the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) between 2005 and 2011, we assessed factors associated with being stopped, searched, or detained by police without arrest in the previous six months using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with logit link for binary outcomes. Results: Among 991 participants followed during the study period, 440 (44.4%) reported being stopped, searched, or detained by police for an incidence density of 49.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.42-65.01) per 100 person years. In multivariate GEE analyses, factors associated with police confrontations included: male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]. =. 1.35), homelessness (AOR. =. 2.05), recent incarceration (AOR. =. 1.78), daily cannabis use (AOR. =. 1.31), daily heroin injecting (AOR. =. 1.36), crack pipe/syringe sharing (AOR. =. 1.61), injection drug use (AOR. =. 1.37), public drug use (AOR. =. 2.19), sex work involvement (AOR. =. 1.67), and drug dealing (AOR. =. 1.49) (all p<. 0.05). In total, 19.0% of participants reported that police confiscated their drug paraphernalia without arresting them. Additionally, 16.9% of individuals reported experiencing violence at the hands of police. Conclusion: We found that various factors, such as homelessness and markers of more severe addiction, increased the likelihood of being confronted by police, and police confrontations were associated with markers of health-related harm among street youth. These findings highlight the need for social and structural interventions that best enable police to fulfil public safety and public order objectives without negatively influencing health behaviours of street youth.",

author = "Lianping Ti and Evan Wood and Kate Shannon and Cindy Feng and Thomas Kerr",

note = "Funding Information: The authors thank the study participants for their contribution to the research, as well as current and past researchers and staff. We would specifically like to thank Deborah Graham, Peter Vann, Caitlin Johnston, Steve Kain, and Calvin Lai for their research and administrative assistance. The study was supported by the US National Institutes of Health ( R01DA028532 ) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP–102742). Thomas Kerr and Kate Shannon are supported by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. Kate Shannon is also supported by CIHR and US NIH. ",

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doi = "10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.06.008",

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AU - Ti, Lianping

AU - Wood, Evan

AU - Shannon, Kate

AU - Feng, Cindy

AU - Kerr, Thomas

N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank the study participants for their contribution to the research, as well as current and past researchers and staff. We would specifically like to thank Deborah Graham, Peter Vann, Caitlin Johnston, Steve Kain, and Calvin Lai for their research and administrative assistance. The study was supported by the US National Institutes of Health ( R01DA028532 ) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP–102742). Thomas Kerr and Kate Shannon are supported by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. Kate Shannon is also supported by CIHR and US NIH.

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N2 - Background: Street-level policing has been recognized as a driver of health-related harms among people who inject drugs (IDU). However, the extent of interaction between police and street-involved youth has not been well characterized. We examined the incidence and risk factors for police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting. Methods: Using data derived from participants enrolled in the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) between 2005 and 2011, we assessed factors associated with being stopped, searched, or detained by police without arrest in the previous six months using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with logit link for binary outcomes. Results: Among 991 participants followed during the study period, 440 (44.4%) reported being stopped, searched, or detained by police for an incidence density of 49.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.42-65.01) per 100 person years. In multivariate GEE analyses, factors associated with police confrontations included: male gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]. =. 1.35), homelessness (AOR. =. 2.05), recent incarceration (AOR. =. 1.78), daily cannabis use (AOR. =. 1.31), daily heroin injecting (AOR. =. 1.36), crack pipe/syringe sharing (AOR. =. 1.61), injection drug use (AOR. =. 1.37), public drug use (AOR. =. 2.19), sex work involvement (AOR. =. 1.67), and drug dealing (AOR. =. 1.49) (all p<. 0.05). In total, 19.0% of participants reported that police confiscated their drug paraphernalia without arresting them. Additionally, 16.9% of individuals reported experiencing violence at the hands of police. Conclusion: We found that various factors, such as homelessness and markers of more severe addiction, increased the likelihood of being confronted by police, and police confrontations were associated with markers of health-related harm among street youth. These findings highlight the need for social and structural interventions that best enable police to fulfil public safety and public order objectives without negatively influencing health behaviours of street youth.

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Police confrontations among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting

Resumen

Nota bibliográfica

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

PubMed: MeSH publication types

ODS de las Naciones Unidas

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