Ventral respiratory group projections to phrenic motoneurons: Electron microscopic evidence for monosynaptic connections

The hypothesis that excitatory drive is transmitted monosynaptically from bulbospinal medullary respiratory neurons to spinal respiratory motoneurons was tested by an ultrastructural analysis of the phrenic motoneuronal pool in the rat. Combined anterograde labeling of the principal inspiratory bulbospinal neuron population (ventral respiratory group) and retrograde labeling of the phrenic motoneuron pool demonstrated the presence of labeled synaptic profiles, indicating that at least some bulbospinal inspiratory neurons make monosynaptic contacts with phrenic motoneurons. The synaptic boutons of ventral respiratory group neurons that were labeled in the phrenic nucleus had asymmetrical membrane densities at sites of synaptic contact with labeled phrenic somal or dendritic profiles, supporting the notion that this bulbospinal pathway has excitatory contacts with phrenic motoneurons. The morphological types of labeled boutons included three of the eight previously identified bouton types in the phrenic nucleus (Goshgarian and Rafols: Journal of Neurocytology 13:85–109, 1984), including the “S”‐terminal, the “NF_s”‐terminal, and the “F”‐terminal. There was no conclusive evidence of labeled double synapses, indicating that this type of synaptic contact is not common in the intact bulbospinal pathway.